The Titanic was one of the greatest maritime disasters of all time and still fascinates today, although almost 100 years have passed since the tragedy. One of the facts about the tragedy that is important to make the number of lives that were lost: more than 1,500 souls perished in the disaster! The story of the Titanic still fascinates us is, as shown by the 1997 movie Titanic. The film was one of the largest budget of a movie right now andSuccess awakened new interest in history. The interest can read the amount of information available on the Internet. There are dozens of messages on YouTube, blogs, tweets, you name it. Then there are books, magazine articles, specials, documentaries and movies, and you can understand why the Titanic story is so well known. I'm going to add to the store to comment on this story with this article. They are particularly in the corporate world of project management and stakeholdersparticular the management of risk, and I think that the story of the Titanic some lessons learned that can improve our performance in the field of risk management offerings.
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For those not familiar with the story (there is no one who does not?), Let me wallpaper. It 'important to the story in the context of the time he found the prospect of learning is impossible otherwise. View the events of 2010, a point of view gives us access to information that is not accessat the time, 20/20 hindsight is easy to obtain, but it is very useful to prevent future risk events.
Time is the time of the end of the century - 1900. Travel from Europe to North America is still only accessible by boat and drive back and forth is wide. The rich are to be steam from the sea on holiday in North America, Europe, rich Europeans traveling to America for vacation and hundreds of thousands of Europeans in North America that migrate from the steamer. Competitive business processeswas hard fought for steamships, as it is today for the airlines. The White Star Line and Cunard Line are the two main competitors in the market, both based in England.
The competition for passengers traveled through the prices down so that the number of passengers could wear a ship, and the speed with which they were crossing the two factors are important in a profit for their owners. Crossing speed was a rivalry between the two companies with the prestige of the record for the fastestIntersection is used as a marketing tool. The British government is trying to promote this rivalry with the assignment of the "Blue Ribbon" to the holder of the crossing records. They did it to increase its prestige as a maritime nation.
The Cunard Line, the Blue Band for 22 years. Their ship, the RMS Mauritania, the fastest voyage made in 1907. RMS Mauritania, was not only the fastest passenger ship in the Atlantic flight, was also one of the largest and most luxurious. WhiteStern was on a media desperate to compete with the RMS Mauritania, and claim the Blue Riband for the construction. They came to build the shipyard Harland & Wolff in Belfast, Ireland, the ship could make the same record and luxurious enough to attract the passengers of the richest and most demanding. They also wanted a bowl large enough for many second and third class passengers. These were, in which the gains are due to their numbers. The RMSTitanic was commissioned in 1909 and construction began on March 31 this year.
The White Star Line was not only the fastest ship, the largest and most luxurious on the Atlantic route, it would be safer for them. In fact, they wanted to be able to say, the ship was unsinkable.
Shipbuilding in 1900
The ships were constructed of steel in these days, but steel have been built and the way in which the steel was produced in the hull of a ship were very different. Steel was thena much higher sulfur content, the steel tends to become brittle. This fragility, the temperature drops again and the water temperature in the North Atlantic can be very cold, cold enough to icebergs. Steel plates are welded together in Hulls fashioned now, but in 1900 the technology was available to shipbuilders attractive. Rivets are effective at holding the plates together, but not as strong as welding. This is an important safety factorFactor collisions are much more likely to cause "holes" on the hull.
There were several contributing factors to consider when Harland and Wolff, the Titanic will be designed. Speed was important - speed would improve the business case for the construction of the RMS Titanic (and the two sister ships to follow). The speed is the result of several factors: the length of the hull, the width of the trunk (or bar), the weight of the ship and the power of the engines and propellers. The longer a shipWaterline, the faster you can. A large ship heavy beams will be slower than a smaller, lighter, and engines and propellers are adapted to the hull for maximum speed. Propulsion was coal-fired steam boiler on these ships and large, more powerful engines require more space for the boilers. Not only tank to be larger, more space is needed to save the extra coal required. On ships like the Titanic space is money.
Believe that the White Star Linetheir ship should have sufficient capacity to carry up to 3,500 passengers of all classes. You want to be able to carry 550 first class passengers, 450 second class passengers and 2,500 steerage passengers, but they must be housed in luxury. The White Star Line would like to see passengers are treated to the first class to a level of luxury found in any of the boats competing to enjoy the same conditions as the second class, first class passengers on passenger ships and otherThird-class passengers to enjoy second-class passenger comfort.
The main means of providing luxury accommodation will be space. Each cabin has more space, the total is below the ship's cabins can hold (the space is finite, the length will be 890 meters on all ships). Harland and Wolff must design a ship, luxury and maximize speed while minimizing weight.
Another conflict of White Star and Harland and Wolff contended with the need for space on the ship wasfor lifeboats. The lifeboats and davits, must run to start all over on the ship and take up more space led the lifeboats less room for paying customers.
Security Considerations
The White Star Line was aware of the security. Before the Titanic, security has been given enough to avoid a collision that damaged the hull and cause the safe recovery of ocean-going passengers in lifeboats, in the absence of such a measure. Harland and Wolff came up with a new securityCharacteristics similar to the Titanic safer than their competitors. The first of these features was the introduction of the hull and watertight bulkheads that may be closed by electric motors created. The project was proposed for a total of 16 Scottish, each of which two could be flooded without sinking. The operation of the ports may be controlled manually or automatically by the bridge.
A second was a second inner hull, to protect the ship would be if the outsideHull to be violated. Harland and Wolff to recommend this as a security feature, but the cost for this is considered extremely high, so the competition did not see fit in their projects. A third safety feature was the use of a wireless telegraph, which are used to the climate and the ship could be hazards to navigation advice. This security feature can also be used as an advantage for first class passengers, the ship's radio can transmit messages fromFirst-class passengers to destinations in North America over the White Star Radio used to manage its radio communications. This is another feature of luxury for the promotion with the Titanic and to acquire first-class passengers can be.
The Titanic is the North Atlantic from Southampton, England to New York, traveling the United States. The shortest route via the north, but is susceptible to the North Atlantic icebergs in winter and spring. The alternative routeships will continue south to avoid the icebergs. This approach will avoid the icebergs, but add time to the journey.
Lifeboats are the last resort and will only be used if and when all other measures fail safe. Standards at this time still does not keep pace with technology and ship passenger ships must be maintained and carry 16 lifeboats, regardless of the number of passengers. Lifeboats are not seen as a priority at this point, noting how each would impact on them by societyThe sale of the ship as the safest in existence.
The Disaster
Set the Titanic from Southampton, England April 10, 1912. Departure was delayed by half an hour, when the SS New York was anchored nearby was torn from its moorings by the propeller of the Titanic. He made two stops before their final departure to New York to Cherbourg, France and Queenstown, Ireland, where they picked up more passengers. She left Queenstown in New York with 2,240 passengers and crew members on board in April11 °.
He sailed directly to New York, across the North Atlantic, and made good time until you reach a point about 400 miles south of Grand Banks off the coast of Newfoundland. The Titanic was equipped with a teletype, a relatively recent addition to the ships and had stressed that the icebergs in the vicinity. One of the problems, the crew was standing, the demand for the use of the telegraph ship, the Titanic made note of someinfluential businessmen (and celebrities) in the world so there was a constant demand for sending and receiving telegrams. At some point in the evening, the operator was so frustrated with traffic, an operator on board another ship tried to tell him to warn the iceberg "silenced". Because the priority for sending and receiving telegrams were given to passengers has reached the warnings about icebergs in the area has never been the bridge. The Titanic get their speed of 20 knots(Approximately 22 mph) overnight.
The captain took precautions against a collision with iceberg, has published a clock in the "crows nest", an observation deck above the bridge of the ship. Neither crew was sent to the crow's nest binoculars, which were intended to increase its capacity to detect. Under normal conditions, the clock would any icebergs spotted in time to have to avoid a collision, but that night the search spotted the iceberg, where the Titanic wasvery close. The icebergs found in search for "turtle tactic" that was rotated so that the white snow-covered surface is usually associated with an iceberg replaced with a dark matte surface that does not necessarily have been light. A further contribution to the poor visibility was the fact that there are no waves on the iceberg. This combination of events caused "Iceberg ahead" to search for the bridge to alert the phone when the Titanic had little time to react. AMeasurement of the skipper should not be to slow the ship, the Titanic was 22 knots (about 25.5 mph) that night.
There are conflicting reports about the sequence of events in consecutive seconds. Steering in those days still follow the convention, tiller, when the rudder is shifted to the left, controls the boat to right and vice versa. If an officer wanted to give a command to steer the boat sharply to the left is a "hard a-starboard" would be fine. SomeAccounts of the first officer giving an order for "hard right", he said, the ship left (or port), and that the tax man in a panic and instead drove the ship on the right side. Others have helmsman steering the boat to the left as shown.
Regardless of whether the driver mistakenly drove the ship right, or straight, he first took the wheel around the ship on the left, or switch port. At the same time the task was to change coursewas given to remove the engines to slow the ship. The reversal of the engines will slow down the ship, but also creates turbulence at the helm. Remember that when the Titanic left its dock in London, the turbulence created their props was enough to break with another ship to its mooring. The effect on the Titanic in this case, it would be at the helm are less efficient. A ship is leaving the helm to the flow of water to force it to build, and vice versaEngines that power would be reduced.
If it would be possible for the Titanic to the iceberg to avoid or not we can not know. What we do know is that the rudder is finally "bite" and the ship began to change slowly over the door. The shift was just enough that the Titanic with the iceberg scraped his right side at 23:40 Sunday night, April 14, 1912. The force of the collision was sufficient for a long crack on the side, almost an extended openThird of the length of the ship.
Experts have speculated that if the ship had not tried to change course, who could have survived the impact with the iceberg, because a head-on collision have invaded more than likely not the most experienced. Provides that officers and crew on the bridge to knowledge of an iceberg is not an option, would be a bit 'of counsel, the deer wandering on the road to avoid, rather than another car or off the street. It 'greatCouncil, but a little 'hard to follow, in the heat of the moment. Think about how it would be difficult to control in a particular ship 2,200 passengers and crew members of the iceberg!
The ship began to flood and closing the door to seal the compartments flooded was no help, since these subjects were open to the sea. After that Captain Smith saw the collision, went on deck to take command. He sent the fourth official, and the damage this insightPerson initially reported that there are no serious damage. Shortly after, however, relations began in the bridge, the massive flooding took place and that the ship sank. Smith's first reaction was one of the area a telegram SOS for help. Remember the Titanic in the middle of a field of ice, the other ships were warned to be, he must have known that he would take a long time to get help and someonesteaming to his aid immediately would be a huge danger of a collision with an iceberg.
At 12:30 on Monday, the clock was significantly down on the Titanic bow. Now occupies a different problem. While the Titanic was fitted with watertight doors for holding individuals, were these doors are not sealed at the beginning so if a person has been completely inundated with water would begin to flow in the next over the top of the doors, as water in aIce cube tray, when the inclination.
The official Titanic began the process of getting passengers from the ship now. Even though the Titanic had developed a list, it was not sufficient to give a sense of urgency to communicate to passengers. The officers would find it difficult to fill the lifeboats with the passengers do not want to, but return to their beds, or smoking, or at the gym instead of leaving the ship in a lifeboat. Moderation was so widespread that some of the firstthat less than half. The rescue boats had a capacity for 68 adult men, the boat on the starboard side to begin the first contained only 12 people. The Titanic sank. There were not enough lifeboats for all passengers so that each rescue boat on site, a passenger who was to die without the other host!
At 12:45, the crew fired the first signal flares, the attention of other vessels in the region (some thought they saw the lights of a ship about five miles to winaway). This had the immediate effect of communication is a feeling of necessity to the amount that was missing up to this point.
The Titanic was mixed with various areas for the 1 st, 2 nd set, and 3 with the first class passengers and the second classes that provide access to the deck where the lifeboats were in the beginning. These passengers began to fill the lifeboats now. In general, the policy of "Women and children first" was followed, with some exceptions, but not Class 3 invalidPassengers. 3 class passengers were out of their way to avoid the bridge crew of the boat to the Titanic.
The vessel continued to fill with water rapidly. The bow began to disappear under water as the bow and began its descent toward the rear is brought out of the water when the ship began to assume an upright posture. Complement of more than 2,200 passengers and crew escaped in less than 700 lifeboats. The last of the lifeboatsTitanic pulled off the clock at 2:00. The 1500 passengers, including third-class passengers were, found their way to the tail, tail fan, or wait for their fate. A wave rolled the boat, as it plucked and dropped some of the passengers from the fan tail and drown them. The rest were all in the water by 2:20 that morning, when the Titanic sank. The water in this part of the Atlantic, this time of year would be just above freezing at this temperature and survival onlypossible that a matter of minutes. Those who did not drown on the Titanic died of hypothermia shortly after in the water. No lifeboats to help once again one of these people. Passengers and crew members who had fled to safety in lifeboats later that morning and by the Carpathia in New York City. The tragedy has had more than 1,500 deaths.
Causes
The popular notion that the Titanic "unsinkable" was like a red thread through all the facts areCity, April. Sufficiently to take the decision to use the lifeboats to accommodate all passengers and crew to the reluctance of passengers to the lifeboats after the iceberg was struck, the belief that thought the Titanic unsinkable everyone was influenced in some way. Marketing the unsinkable ship was undoubtedly a good sales pitch, but had devastating consequences.
The Titanic actually more lifeboats, which was forced to wear the SeaAuthority. The rules for the number of lifeboats a ship has been forced, had not been updated to take in order to keep pace with the increase in size and capacity of these ships. The result was a feeling that you need to opulence, the existing regulations for its ability to rescue at sea, the desire to reduce costs and the fact that the unsinkable Titanic was convinced his owner to equip with her. She has performed only 20 lifeboats, 14 life boats regularly with a capacity of 65 passengers, two mills with a capacity of emergencyof 40 adults each, and four collapsible lifeboats with a capacity of 47 adults each. These have never been started.
It seems to have numerous errors of communication on board. There were a series of warnings from other ships in the path of the Titanic iceberg. Some of them are taken to the bridge and posted on a bulletin board. The last warning actually provided information on a surface of the iceberg of longitude and latitude determines the Titanic HADactually went into the area around the time of transmission. This last show was never transmitted to the bridge. The telegraph was of messages to and from ship passengers who lost his temper and told the other operator, "Shut Up" overwhelmed. Even if this last message was not communicated to the bridge, the bridge had been aware that the icebergs are in the range of previous messages. Smith was aware of the risk, even withoutFrames, this area of the Atlantic icebergs always this time of year.
The Titanic was traveling at about 25 mph in an area that contained the icebergs, many of which could sink the Titanic. Icebergs in all shapes and sizes, but where there are a number of large, some are always large enough to cause serious damage to the larger ship. This meant that speed was not just enough time, noted by an iceberg, to avoid a collision. The captain is ultimatelyresponsible for the ship under their command, and all passengers and crew members, but Smith could be excused to some extent by the pressure of a fast passage. He was not forced to set a record, but the ice rink when he was stopped or slowed to avoid a collision, it is likely that his body would be longer than the competition.
There were a lifeboat capacity for at least half the people on the Titanic, probably much more, considering the number of women and children andcalm conditions. Less than 700 people actually succeeded in lifeboats and a number of them were men. The policy on the ship and all the other time was that women and children must be rescued before men. This policy was defeated on the Titanic, crew members when the third class passengers, all citizens including women and children of class is always prevented the lifeboats.
The Titanic never had a test drive or lifeboat drills, before embarking on her maiden voyage.This lack of familiarity with the ship was one of the defendants' search for his inability to find the ship's binoculars.
Lessons Learned
Maritime regulations were amended to require a lifeboat space for everyone on board a ship, a lifeboat and exercises regularly to make sure everyone knows its border, of them, and that the team is able to fill the lifeboats Save and run it expected efficiency.
Regulations were amended in order to prioritize emergency calls and then needed an alarm systembe installed, which can be activated automatically by an emergency call. The Titanic sent SOS started as soon as Smith saw it, but nobody answered refused. Most operators in bed, because the now disappeared.
Maritime authorities of ice patrols to gather information on ice in the North Atlantic. Until now, the expedition built for visual observation and warnings from other ships to advise when there is ice in their area. The ice-patrol discoveredIceberg drift and recommended all their tracks shipping of ice.
Water flooded the entire length of the Titanic, because they were not waterproof, watertight doors at the top and let the water overflow into the next space. Titanic's sister ship, the Brittanic (originally known as Giant), was fitted with watertight compartments that improved. It 'was hit by a torpedo in 1915 and sank in 90 minutes, about the time the Titanic sank.
ThisEducation was effective in preventing further incidents of this type, from this cause. It's never been a maritime disaster to this day many people lost their lives.
There may be some lessons for the rest of us are in the Titanic disaster. Let's start with the problem of making the pride of '"unsinkable" Titanic and the desire, the passage to New York to start as soon as possible causes. Marketing and speed of speaking directly with the White Star Line the bottom. There are many organizationsWho are willing to pay in words the safety and corporate social responsibility, are those able to demonstrate success are those that invest their money where their mouths. A company, group or individual who deals with these issues will be seriously willing to provide the money to fix them. The money was to be a good investment long term, because the prevention of disasters like the Titanic are extremely expensive, as people are to BP in the Gulf ofMexico.
Fortunately, the level of class distinction, which was approved in 1912 is today, but has not disappeared entirely. Air carriers still offer the option of business class or first class passengers. What he found on board the ill-fated Titanic, the Class 3 had no chance of rescue, thanks to the team that took it upon himself to keep them in front of the boat deck so that the first and second class passengers have access the lifeboats.
Communication is not the Titanicin several specific ways, the most frightening is the lack of a response to his SOS. The 2-way communication to be successful. We need to have an attentive audience, and then verify that they have heard / read / seen to understand the message. In the case of SOS signals from the tragedy brought a change in the way messages are priorities and had a 24-hour clock for emergency signals. The relative newness of the telegraph was a decisive factor for the lack of communication.Always remember that the promise of a new technology can never take for granted is not held until proven, and users of technology have been fully developed.
The crew of the Titanic was a fine line between communicating the urgency of the situation for passengers to go without panic. Who did not. He was able to communicate the danger to passengers and the result was that many deaths could be saved by a lifeboat.
The contingency plan thatany vessel that uses the human helps, is the rescue boat. The Titanic is not adequate for the number of lifeboats on board wear, but the team also did not bring all the benefits of the spots on the lifeboats. This act was in part due to a failure of the passenger section and partly due to lack of familiarity with the management of the lifeboat crew. Decommissioning strategies and plans must always be tested first to check as far as possible, their effectiveness and become familiarthe team with them. When the time comes that an emergency plan must be implemented, the implementation is smooth and there will be no surprises after deployment.
To learn the final lesson is that no ship, aircraft, vehicle, company or system that is unsinkable. Thinking in this way inhibits our ability to identify and mitigate risks. We should never make assumptions about a strong advertising campaign (or our confidence in our own work), which is based to prevent us from identifying potential risk events.Remember that no matter how unlikely the risk event that could affect, so that the cost of a mitigation strategy is the only sane decision.
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